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Wood formation is a biological process during which the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass on earth is produced. Although a number of transcription factors have been linked to the regulation of wood formation process, none of them has been demonstrated to be a higher hierarchical regulator that coordinately regulates secondary wall biosynthesis genes. Here, we identified a  Populus  gene,  PsnSHN2 , a counterpart of the  Arabidopsis  AP2/ERF type transcription factor,  SHINE2 .  PsnSHN2  is predominantly expressed in xylem tissues and acted evidently as a high hierarchical transcriptional activator. Overexpression of  PsnSHN2  in tobacco significantly altered the expression of both transcription factors and biosynthesis genes involved in secondary wall formation, leading to the thickened secondary walls and the changed cell wall composition. The most significant changes occurred in the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose that increased 37% and 28%, respectively, whereas the content of lignin that decreased 34%. Furthermore, PsnSHN2 activated or repressed the promoter activities of transcription factors involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and bound to five  cis -acting elements enriched in the promoter regions of these transcription factors. Taken together, our results suggest  PsnSHN2  coordinately regulate secondary wall formation through selective up/down-regulation of its downstream transcription factors that control secondary wall formation.

Functional Characterization of Populus PsnSHN2 in Coordinated Regulation of Secondary Wall Components in Tobacco