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During myelination, individual oligodendrocytes initially over-produce short myelin sheaths, which are either retracted or stabilized. By live-imaging oligodendrocyte Ca 2+ activity in vivo, we find that high-amplitude, long-duration Ca 2+ transients in sheaths prefigure retractions, mediated by calpain. Following stabilization, myelin sheaths grow along axons, and we find that higher-frequency Ca 2+ transient activity in sheaths precedes faster elongation. Our data implicate local Ca 2+ signaling in regulating distinct stages of myelination.

Ca2+ activity signatures of myelin sheath formation and growth in vivo