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Dynamical coupling between matter and gauge fields underlies the emergence ofmany exotic particle-like excitations in condensed matter and high energyphysics. An important stepping stone to simulate this physics in atomic quantumgases relies on the synthesis of density-dependent gauge fields. Here wedemonstrate deterministic formation of domain walls in a stable Bose-Einsteincondensate with a synthetic gauge field that depends on the atomic density. Thegauge field is created by simultaneous modulations of the optical latticepotential and interatomic interactions, and results in domains of atomscondensed into two different momenta. Modeling the domain walls as elementaryexcitations, we find that the domain walls respond to synthetic electric fieldwith a charge-to-mass ratio larger than and opposite to that of the bare atoms.Our work offers promising prospects to simulate the dynamics and interactionsof novel excitations in quantum systems with dynamical gauge fields.

Dynamics of domain walls in a Bose-Einstein condensate driven by density-dependent gauge field