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Star formation in half of massive galaxies was quenched by the time theUniverse was three billion years old. Very low amounts of molecular gas appearresponsible for this, at least in some cases, though morphological gasstabilization, shock heating, or activity associated with accretion onto acentral supermassive black hole is invoked in other cases. Recent studies ofquenching by gas depletion have been based upon upper limits that areinsufficiently sensitive to determine this robustly, or stacked emission withits problems of averaging. Here we report 1.3mm observations of dust emissionfrom six strongly lensed galaxies where star formation has been quenched, withmagnifications of up to a factor of 30. Four of the six galaxies are undetectedin dust emission, with an estimated upper limit on the dust mass of 0.0001times the stellar mass, and by proxy (assuming a Milky Way moleculargas-to-dust ratio) 0.01 times the stellar mass in molecular gas. This is twoorders of magnitude less molecular gas per unit stellar mass than seen in starforming galaxies at similar redshifts. It remains difficult to extrapolate fromthese small samples, but these observations establish that gas depletion isresponsible for a cessation of star formation in some fraction of high-redshiftgalaxies.

Quenching of star formation from a lack of inflowing gas to galaxies