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The current laws of physics do not explain the observed imbalance of matterand antimatter in the universe. Sakharov proposed that an explanation wouldrequire the violation of CP symmetry between matter and antimatter. The only CPviolation observed so far is in the weak interactions of quarks, and it is toosmall to explain the matter-antimatter imbalance of the universe. It has beenshown that CP violation in the lepton sector could generate thematter-antimatter disparity through the process called leptogenesis. Thequantum mixing of neutrinos, the neutral leptons in the Standard Model,provides a potential source of CP violation through a complex phase dCP, whichmay have consequences for theoretical models of leptogenesis. This CP violationcan be measured in muon neutrino to electron neutrino oscillations and thecorresponding antineutrino oscillations, which are experimentally accessiblewith accelerator-produced beams as established by the T2K experiment. Untilnow, the value of dCP has not been significantly constrained by neutrinooscillation experiments. Here the T2K collaboration reports a measurement thatfavors large enhancement of the neutrino oscillation probability, excludingvalues of dCP which result in a large enhancement of the observed anti-neutrinooscillation probability at three standard deviations (3 sigma). The 3 sigmaconfidence level interval for dCP, which is cyclic and repeats every 2pi, is[-3.41,-0.03] for the so-called normal mass ordering, and [-2.54,-0.32] for theinverted mass ordering. Our results show an indication of CP violation in thelepton sector. Herein we establish methods for sensitive searches formatter-antimatter asymmetry in neutrino oscillations using accelerator-producedneutrino beams. Future measurements with larger data samples will determinewhether the leptonic CP violation is larger than the quark sector CP violation.

Constraint on the Matter-Antimatter Symmetry-Violating Phase in Neutrino Oscillations