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The precise determination of the position of point-like emitters andscatterers using far-field optical imaging techniques is of utmost importancefor a wide range of applications in medicine, biology, astronomy, and physics.Although the optical wavelength sets a fundamental limit to the imageresolution of unknown objects, the position of an individual emitter can inprinciple be estimated from the image with arbitrary precision. This is used,e.g., in stars' position determination and in optical super-resolutionmicroscopy. Furthermore, precise position determination is an experimentalprerequisite for the manipulation and measurement of individual quantumsystems, such as atoms, ions, and solid state-based quantum emitters. Here wedemonstrate that spin-orbit coupling of light in the emission of ellipticallypolarized emitters can lead to systematic, wavelength-scale errors in theestimate of the emitter's position. Imaging a single trapped atom as well as asingle sub-wavelength-diameter gold nanoparticle, we demonstrate a shiftbetween the emitters' measured and actual positions which is comparable to theoptical wavelength. Remarkably, for certain settings, the expected shift canbecome arbitrarily large. Beyond their relevance for optical imagingtechniques, our findings apply to the localization of objects using any type ofwave that carries orbital angular momentum relative to the emitter's positionwith a component orthogonal to the direction of observation.

Wavelength-scale errors in optical localization due to spin-orbit coupling of light