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The basic principle of quantum mechanics guarantee the unconditional securityof quantum key distribution (QKD) at the cost of inability of amplification ofquantum state. As a result, despite remarkable progress in worldwidemetropolitan QKD networks over the past decades, long haul fiber QKD networkwithout trustful relay has not been achieved yet. Here, throughsending-or-not-sending (SNS) protocol, we complete a twin field QKD (TF-QKD)and distribute secure keys without any trusted repeater over a 511 km long haulfiber trunk linking two distant metropolitans. Our secure key rate is around 3orders of magnitudes greater than what is expected if the previous QKD fieldtest system over the same length were applied. The efficient quantum-statetransmission and stable single-photon interference over such a long distancedeployed fiber paves the way to large-scale fiber quantum networks.

Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution over 511 km Optical Fiber Linking two Distant Metropolitans