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Photons in a nonlinear medium can repel or attract each other, resulting in astrongly correlated quantum many-body system. Typically, such stronglycorrelated states of light arise from the extreme nonlinearity granted byquantum emitters that are strongly coupled to a photonic mode. However, inthese approaches, unavoidable dissipation, like photon loss, blurs nonlinearquantum effects. Here, we generate strongly correlated photon states using onlyweak coupling and taking advantage of dissipation. We launch light through anensemble of non-interacting waveguide-coupled atoms, which induce correlationsbetween simultaneously arriving photons through collectively enhanced nonlinearinteractions. These correlated photons then experience less dissipation thanthe uncorrelated ones. Depending on the number of atoms, we experimentallyobserve strong photon bunching or anti-bunching of the transmitted light. Thisrealization of a collectively enhanced nonlinearity may turn outtransformational for quantum information science and opens new avenues forgenerating nonclassical light, covering frequencies from the microwave to theX-ray regime.

Correlating photons using the collective nonlinear response of atoms weakly coupled to an optical mode