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The effect of protoplanetary differentiation on the fate of life essentialvolatiles like nitrogen and carbon and its subsequent effect on the dynamics ofplanetary growth is unknown. Because the dissolution of nitrogen in magmaoceans depends on its partial pressure and oxygen fugacity, it is an idealproxy to track volatile redistribution in protoplanets as a function of theirsizes and growth zones. Using high pressure and high temperature experiments ingraphite undersaturated conditions, here we show that the iron loving characterof nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates across awide range of oxygen fugacity. The experimental data combined with metal,silicate and atmosphere fractionation models suggest that asteroid sizedprotoplanets, and planetary embryos that grew from them, were nitrogendepleted. However, protoplanets that grew to planetary embryo size beforeundergoing differentiation had nitrogen rich cores and nitrogen poor silicatereservoirs. Bulk silicate reservoirs of large Earth like planets attainednitrogen from the cores of latter type of planetary embryos. Therefore, tosatisfy the volatile budgets of Earth like planets during the main stage oftheir growth, the timescales of planetary embryo accretion had to be shorterthan their differentiation timescales, that is, Moon to Mars sized planetaryembryos grew rapidly within 1 to 2 million years of the Solar System formation.

Rates of protoplanetary accretion and differentiation set nitrogen budget of rocky planets