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The climate of early Mars remains a topic of intense debate. Ancient terrainspreserve landscapes consistent with stream channels, lake basins, and possiblyeven oceans, and thus the presence of liquid water flowing on the Martiansurface 4 billion years ago. However, despite the geological evidence,determining how long climatic conditions supporting liquid water lasted remainsuncertain. Climate models have struggled to generate sufficiently warm surfaceconditions given the faint young Sun - even assuming a denser early atmosphere.A warm climate could have potentially been sustained by supplementingatmospheric CO2 and H2O warming with either secondary greenhouse gases orclouds. Alternatively, the Martian climate could have been predominantly coldand icy, with transient warming episodes triggered by meteoritic impacts,volcanic eruptions, methane bursts, or limit cycles. Here, we argue that a warmand semi-arid climate capable of producing rain is most consistent with thegeological and climatological evidence.

The geological and climatological case for a warmer and wetter early Mars