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Mitochondrial and nuclear genomes must be co-adapted to ensure propercellular respiration and energy production. Mito-nuclear incompatibilityreduces individual fitness and induces hybrid infertility, suggesting apossible role in reproductive barriers and speciation. Here we develop abirth-death model for evolution in spatially extended populations underselection for mito-nuclear co-adaptation. Mating is constrained by physical andgenetic proximity, and offspring inherit nuclear genomes from both parents,with recombination. The model predicts macroscopic patterns including acommunity's long-term species diversity, its species abundance distribution,speciation and extinction rates, as well as intra- and inter-specific geneticvariation. We explore how these long-term outcomes depend upon the microscopicparameters of reproduction: individual fitness governed by mito-nuclearcompatibility, constraints on mating compatibility, and ecological carryingcapacity. We find that strong selection for mito-nuclear compatibility reducesthe equilibrium number of species after a radiation, increases the species'abundances, while simultaneously increasing both speciation and extinctionrates. The negative correlation between species diversity and diversificationrates in our model agrees with the broad empirical pattern of lower speciesdiversity and higher speciation/extinction rates in temperate regions, comparedto the tropics. We therefore suggest that these empirical patterns may becaused in part by latitudinal variation in metabolic demands, and correspondingvariation in selection on mito-nuclear function.

Mito-nuclear selection induces a trade-off between species ecological dominance and evolutionary lifespan