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Gamma-ray observations have established energetic isolated pulsars asoutstanding particle accelerators and antimatter factories in the Galaxy. Thereis, however, no consensus regarding the acceleration mechanisms and theradiative processes at play, nor the locations where these take place. Thespectra of all observed gamma-ray pulsars to date show strong cutoffs or abreak above energies of a few gigaelectronvolt (GeV). Using the H.E.S.S. arrayof Cherenkov telescopes, we discovered a novel radiation component emergingbeyond this generic GeV cutoff in the Vela pulsar's broadband spectrum. Theextension of gamma-ray pulsation energies up to at least 20 teraelectronvolts(TeV) shows that Vela pulsar can accelerate particles to Lorentz factors higherthan $4\times10^7$. This is an order of magnitude larger than in the case ofthe Crab pulsar, the only other pulsar detected in the TeV energy range. Ourresults challenge the state-of-the-art models for high-energy emission ofpulsars while providing a new probe, i.e. the energetic multi-TeV component,for constraining the acceleration and emission processes in their extremeenergy limit.

Discovery of a Radiation Component from the Vela Pulsar Reaching 20 Teraelectronvolts