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Cosmological simulations are crucial tools in studying the Universe, but theytypically do not directly match real observed structures. Constrainedcosmological simulations, on the other hand, are designed to match the observeddistribution of galaxies. Here we present constrained simulations based onspectroscopic surveys at a redshift of z~2.3, corresponding to an epoch ofnearly 11 Gyrs ago. This allows us to 'fast-forward' the simulation to ourpresent-day and study the evolution of observed cosmic structuresself-consistently. We confirm that several previously-reported protoclusterswill evolve into massive galaxy clusters by our present epoch, including the'Hyperion' structure that we predict will collapse into a giant filamentarysupercluster spanning 100 Megaparsecs. We also discover previously unknownprotoclusters, with lower final masses than typically detectable by othermethods, that nearly double the number of known protoclusters within thisvolume. Constrained simulations, applied to future high-redshift datasets,represents a unique opportunity for studying early structure formation andmatching galaxy properties between high and low redshifts.

Predicted future fate of COSMOS galaxy protoclusters over 11 Gyr with constrained simulations