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The temperature of an atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude, unless ashortwave absorber exists that causes a temperature inversion. Ozone plays thisrole in the Earth`s atmosphere. In the atmospheres of highly irradiatedexoplanets, shortwave absorbers are predicted to be titanium oxide (TiO) andvanadium oxide (VO). Detections of TiO and VO have been claimed using both lowand high spectral resolution observations, but later observations have failedto confirm these claims or overturned them. Here we report the unambiguousdetection of TiO in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-189b using high-resolutiontransmission spectroscopy. This detection is based on applying thecross-correlation technique to many spectral lines of TiO from 460 to 690 nm.Moreover, we report detections of metals, including neutral and singly ionisediron and titanium, as well as chromium, magnesium, vanadium and manganese (Fe,Fe+, Ti, Ti+, Cr, Mg, V, Mn). The line positions of the detected speciesdiffer, which we interpret as a consequence of spatial gradients in theirchemical abundances, such that they exist in different regions or dynamicalregimes. This is direct observational evidence for the three-dimensionalthermo-chemical stratification of an exoplanet atmosphere derived fromhigh-resolution ground-based spectroscopy.

Titanium oxide and chemical inhomogeneity in the atmosphere of the exoplanet WASP-189b