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Magnetars are neutron stars (NSs) with extreme magnetic fields of strength $5\times 10^{13}$ - $10^{15}$ G. They exhibit transient, highly energetic events,such as short X-ray flashes, bursts and giant flares, all of which are poweredby their enormous magnetic energy. Quiescent magnetars have X-ray luminositiesbetween $10^{29}$ and $10^{35}$ erg/s, and are further classified as eitherpersistent or transient magnetars. Their X-ray emission is modulated with therotational period of the NS, with a typical relative amplitude (so-calledpulsed fraction) between 10-58 per cent, implying that the surface temperatureis significantly non-uniform despite the high thermal conductivity of thestar's crust. Here, we present the first 3D magneto-thermal MHD simulations ofmagnetars with strong toroidal magnetic fields. We show that these models,combined with ray propagation in curved space-time, accurately describe thelight-curves of most transient magnetars in quiescence and allow us to furtherconstrain their rotational orientation. We find that the presence of a strongtoroidal magnetic field explains the observed asymmetry in the surfacetemperature, and is the main cause of the strong modulation of thermal X-rayemission in quiescence.

Sleeping beasts: strong toroidal magnetic field in quiescent magnetars explains their large pulsed fraction