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Galaxy clusters trace the largest structures of the Universe and provideideal laboratories for studying galaxy evolution and cosmology. Clusters withextended X-ray emission have been discovered at redshifts up to z ~ 2.5.Meanwhile, there has been growing interest in hunting for protoclusters, theprogenitors of clusters, at higher redshifts. It is, however, very challengingto find the largest protoclusters at early times when they start to assemble.Here we report a giant protocluster of galaxies at redshift z = 5.7, when theUniverse was only one billion years old. This protocluster occupies a volume ofabout 35x35x35 cubic co-moving megaparsecs. It is embedded in an even largeroverdense region with at least 41 spectroscopically confirmed, luminousLyman-alpha emitting galaxies (Lyman-alpha Emitters, or LAEs), includingseveral previously reported LAEs. Its LAE density is 6.6 times the averagedensity at z ~ 5.7. It is the only one of its kind in an LAE survey in foursquare degrees on the sky. Such a large structure is also rarely seen incurrent cosmological simulations. This protocluster will collapse into a galaxycluster with a mass of (3.6+/-0.9) x 10^{15} solar masses, comparable to thoseof the most massive clusters or protoclusters known to date.

A Giant Protocluster of Galaxies at Redshift 5.7