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X-ray emission in young stellar objects (YSOs) is orders of magnitude moreintense than in main sequence stars1,2, suggestive of cosmic ray irradiation ofsurrounding accretion disks. Protoplanetary disk irradiation has been detectedaround YSOs by HERSCHEL3. In our solar system, short-lived 10Be (half-life =1.39 My4), which cannot be produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, was discoveredin the oldest solar system solids, the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions(CAIs)5. The high 10Be abundance, as well as detection of other irradiationtracers6,7, suggest 10Be likely originates from cosmic ray irradiation causedby solar flares8. Nevertheless, the nature of these flares (gradual orimpulsive), the target (gas or dust), and the duration and location ofirradiation remain unknown. Here we use the vanadium isotopic composition,together with initial 10Be abundance to quantify irradiation conditions in theearly Solar System9. For the initial 10Be abundances recorded in CAIs, 50Vexcesses of a few per mil relative to chondrites have been predicted10,11. Wereport 50V excesses in CAIs up to 4.4 per mil that co-vary with 10Be abundance.Their co-variation dictates that excess 50V and 10Be were synthesised throughirradiation of refractory dust. Modelling of the production rate of 50V and10Be demonstrates that the dust was exposed to solar cosmic rays produced bygradual flares for less than 300 years at about 0.1 au from the protoSun.

Early Solar System irradiation quantified by linked vanadium and beryllium isotope variations in meteorites