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Flowing electrode capacitive deionization systems (FE-CDI) have recentlygarnered attention because of their ability to prevent cross contamination andoperate in uninterrupted cycles ad infinitum. Typically, FE-CDI electrodessuffer from low conductivity, reducing deionization performance. Utilization ofhigher mass loadings to combat this leads to poor rheological properties.Herein, Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ MXene was introduced as 1 mg/mL slurry electrodes inan FE-CDI system for the removal and recovery of ammonia from simulatedagricultural wastewater. The electrode performance was evaluated by operatingthe FE-CDI system with a feed solution of 500 mg/L NH$_4$Cl running in batchmode at a constant voltage of 1.20 V and -1.20 V in charging and dischargingmodes, respectively. Despite the low loading, Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ flowingelectrodes showed markedly improved performance, achieving 60% ion removalefficiency in a saturation time of 115 minutes with an adsorption capacity of460 mg/g. To understand the high adsorption performance of the electrodes,physiochemical and structural analysis was done via a variety ofcharacterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, and Raman Spectroscopy.Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles were obtained toevaluate the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. The system proved tobe an energy-saving technology by exhibiting a charge efficiency of 58-70%while operating at an energy consumption of 0.45 kWh/kg. A 92% regenerationefficiency showed that the electrodes were stable and suitable for long termand scalable usage. The results demonstrate that MXenes have the potential toimprove the FE-CDI process for energy-efficient removal and recovery ofammonia.

Removal and Recovery of Ammonia from Wastewater using Ti$_3$C$_2$T$_x$ MXenes in Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization