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In this study, NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3  (NTP) nanoparticles were incorporated into a carbon nanotube hollow-fiber (CHF) electrode for the selective removal of Na +  during the capacitive deionization (CDI) of salty water. Due to the Na + -selective electro-sorption of NTP nanoparticles, NTP-CHF achieved 1.5 ~2 times higher Na +  adsorption capacity than that of CHF only electrodes at a range of 1.7 mM~17.1 mM (100 mg L −1 ~1000 mg L −1 ) NaCl solution. Moreover NTP-CHF sustained the Na +  adsorption capacity even at the presence of Ca 2+  ions, whereas the dramatic decrease in Na +  removal was observed in CHF with an increase of Ca 2+  concentration. As the result, NTP-CHF can retain 52% of the initial Na +  removal capacity after three times of capture and release cycles at the presence of Ca 2+ , while CHF showed &lt;10% of the initial Na +  removal capacity due to the irreversible adsorption of Ca 2+  ions onto the MWCNT surface. Thus, the incorporation of NTP into the conductive carbon nanomaterial network can greatly improve both the adsorption capacity and selectivity of Na +  compared to the conventional carbon-based electrode during the CDI of salty water containing multivalent cations such as Ca 2+ .

Selective removal of Na+ by NaTi2(PO4)3-MWCNT composite hollow-fiber membrane electrode in capacitive deionization