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Topological nodal-line semimetals are characterized by the line-contact bulkband crossings and the topological surface states. Breaking certain protectingsymmetry turns this system into a Dirac semimetal or Weyl semimetal that hostszero-dimensional isolated nodal points. Recent advances in band theorypredicted a topological nodal-line semimetal state possessing a new type ofnodal line in AlB$_2$-type diborides. Here, we report an experimentalrealization of nodal-line fermions and associated surface states near the Fermienergy in ZrB$_2$ by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined withfirst-principles calculations. The Dirac nodal lines in ZrB$_2$ wind into twogroups of nodal rings, which are linked together along the $\Gamma$-$K$direction. We further observe a distinct surface state connecting to each nodalline, indicative of the nontrivial topological nature of the bulk nodal lines.Therefore, our results provide convincing experimental evidence of thenodal-line semimetal states in ZrB$_2$ both in the bulk and on the surface,suggesting ZrB$_2$ as a remarkable platform for discovering unique phenomenainduced by nodal-line fermions.

Experimental observation of bulk nodal lines and electronic surface states in ZrB$_2$