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Magnetic anisotropies of ferromagnetic thin films are induced by epitaxialstrain from the substrate via strain-induced anisotropy in the orbital magneticmoment and that in the spatial distribution of spin-polarized electrons.However, the preferential orbital occupation in ferromagnetic metallicLa$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$MnO$_3$ (LSMO) thin films studied by x-ray linear dichroism(XLD) has always been found out-of-plane for both tensile and compressiveepitaxial strain and hence irrespective of the magnetic anisotropy. In order toresolve this mystery, we directly probed the preferential orbital occupation ofspin-polarized electrons in LSMO thin films under strain by angle-dependentx-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Anisotropy of the spin-densitydistribution was found to be in-plane for the tensile strain and out-of-planefor the compressive strain, consistent with the observed magnetic anisotropy.The ubiquitous out-of-plane preferential orbital occupation seen by XLD isattributed to the occupation of both spin-up and spin-down out-of-planeorbitals in the surface magnetic dead layer.

npj quantum materials

Anisotropic spin-density distribution and magnetic anisotropy of  strained La$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$MnO$_3$ thin films: Angle-dependent x-ray magnetic  circular dichroism