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Charge state instabilities have been a bottleneck for the implementation ofsolid-state spin systems and pose a major challenge to the development ofspin-based quantum technologies. Here we investigate the stabilization ofnegatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV$^-$) centers in phosphorus-dopeddiamond at liquid helium temperatures. Photoionization of phosphorous donors inconjunction with charge diffusion at the nanoscale enhances NV$^0$ to NV$^-$conversion and stabilizes the NV$^-$ charge state without the need for anadditional repump laser. The phosphorus-assisted stabilization is explored andconfirmed both with experiments and our theoretical model. Stablephotoluminescence-excitation spectra are obtained for NV$^-$ centers createdduring the growth. The fluorescence is continuously recorded under resonantexcitation to real-time monitor the charge state and the ionization andrecombination rates are extracted from time traces. We find a linear laserpower dependence of the recombination rate as opposed to the conventionalquadratic dependence, which is attributed to the photo-ionization of phosphorusatoms.

Dopant-assisted stabilization of negatively charged single nitrogen-vacancy centers in phosphorus-doped diamond at low temperatures