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Violating a nonlocality inequality enables the most powerful remote quantuminformation tasks and fundamental tests of quantum physics. Loophole-freephotonic verification of nonlocality has been achieved withpolarization-entangled photon pairs, but not with states entangled in otherdegrees of freedom. Here we demonstrate completion of the quantum steeringnonlocality task, with the detection loophole closed, when entanglement isdistributed by transmitting a photon in an optical vector vortex state, formedby optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) and polarization. As well as openingup a high-efficiency encoding beyond polarization, the critically-importantdemonstration of vector vortex steering opens the door to new free-space andsatellite-based secure quantum communication devices and device-independentprotocols.

Quantum steering with vector vortex photon states with the detection loophole closed