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Real-time probing of electrons can uncover intricate relaxation mechanismsand many-body interactions hidden in strongly correlated materials. Whileexperimenters have used ultrafast optical pump-probe methods in bulk materials,laser heating and insensitivity below the surface prevent their application toencapsulated low-dimensional electron systems at millikelvin temperatures, hometo numerous intriguing electronic phases. Here, we introduce time, momentum,and energy resolved pump-probe tunneling spectroscopy (Tr-MERTS). The methodallows the injection of electrons at particular energies and observation oftheir subsequent decay in energy-momentum space. Using Tr-MERTS, we visualizeelectronic decay processes in Landau levels with lifetimes up to tens ofmicroseconds. Although most observed features agree with simpleenergy-relaxation, we discover an unexpected splitting in the nonequilibriumenergy spectrum in the vicinity of a ferromagnetic state. An exactdiagonalization study of the system suggests that the splitting arises from amaximally spin-polarized higher energy state, distinct from a conventionalequilibrium skyrmion. Furthermore, we observe time-dependent relaxation of thesplitting, which we attribute to single-flipped spins forming topological spintextures. These results establish Tr-MERTS as a powerful tool for studying thedynamics and properties of a two-dimensional electronic system beyondequilibrium.

Time, momentum, and energy resolved pump-probe tunneling spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems