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Efficiently balancing photochemistry and photoprotection is crucial forsurvival and productivity of photosynthetic organisms in the rapidlyfluctuating light levels found in natural environments. The ability to respondquickly to sudden changes in light level is clearly advantageous. In the algaNannochloropsis oceanica we observed an ability to respond rapidly to suddenincreases in light level which occur soon after a previous high-light exposure.This ability implies a kind of memory. In this work, we explore the xanthophyllcycle in N. oceanica as a short-term photoprotective memory system. Bycombining snapshot fluorescence lifetime measurements with a biochemistry-basedquantitative model, we show that short-term "memory" arises from thexanthophyll cycle. In addition, the model enables us to characterize therelative quenching abilities of the three xanthophyll cycle components. Giventhe ubiquity of the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthetic organisms the modeldescribed here will be of utility in improving our understanding of vascularplant and algal photoprotection with important implications for cropproductivity.

Kinetics of the xanthophyll cycle and its role in photoprotective memory and response