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A quantum key distribution (QKD) system must fulfill the requirement ofuniversal composability to ensure that any cryptographic application (using theQKD system) is also secure. Furthermore, the theoretical proof responsible forsecurity analysis and key generation should cater to the number $N$ of thedistributed quantum states being finite in practice. Continuous-variable (CV)QKD based on coherent states, despite being a suitable candidate forintegration in the telecom infrastructure, has so far been unable todemonstrate composability as existing proofs require a rather large $N$ forsuccessful key generation. Here we report the first Gaussian-modulated coherentstate CVQKD system that is able to overcome these challenges and can generatecomposable keys secure against collective attacks with $N \lesssim3.5\times10^8$ coherent states. With this advance, possible due to novelimprovements to the security proof and a fast, yet low-noise and highly stablesystem operation, CVQKD implementations take a significant step towards theirdiscrete-variable counterparts in practicality, performance, and security.

Practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution with composable security