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Electrical switching of antiferromagnets is an exciting recent development inspintronics, which promises active antiferromagnetic devices with high speedand low energy cost. In this emerging field, there is an active debate aboutthe mechanisms of current-driven switching of antiferromagnets. Harmoniccharacterization is a powerful tool to quantify current-induced spin-orbittorques and spin Seebeck effect in heavy-metal/ferromagnet systems. However,the harmonic measurement technique has never been verified in antiferromagneticheterostructures. Here, we report for the first time harmonic measurements inPt/$\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ bilayers, which are explained by our modeling ofhigher-order harmonic voltages. As compared with ferromagnetic heterostructureswhere all current-induced effects appear in the second harmonic signals, thedamping-like torque and thermally-induced magnetoelastic effect contributionsin Pt/$\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ emerge in the third harmonic voltage. Our resultsprovide a new path to probe the current-induced magnetization dynamics inantiferromagnets, promoting the application of antiferromagnetic spintronicdevices.

Third Harmonic Characterization of Antiferromagnetic Heterostructures