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Maize unilateral cross-incompatibility (UCI) that causes non-Mendelian segregation ratios has been documented for more than a century.  Ga1 ,  Ga2 , and  Tcb1  are three major UCI systems, described but not fully understood. Here, we report comprehensive genetic studies on the  Ga2  locus and map-based cloning of the tightly linked male determinant  ZmGa2P  and female determinant  ZmGa2F  that govern pollen-silk compatibility among different maize genotypes. Both determinants encode putative pectin methylesterases (PME). A significantly higher degree of methyl esterification is detected in the apical region of pollen tubes growing in incompatible silks. No direct interaction between ZmGa2P and ZmGa2F is detected in the yeast two-hybrid system implying a distinct mechanism from that of self-incompatibility (SI). We also demonstrate the feasibility of  Ga2  as a reproductive barrier in commercial breeding programs and stacking  Ga2  with  Ga1  could strengthen the UCI market potentials.

A pair of non-Mendelian genes at the Ga2 locus confer unilateral cross-incompatibility in maize