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Intensity modulators are an essential component in optics for controllingfree-space beams. Many applications require the intensity of a free-space beamto be modulated at a single frequency, including wide-field lock-in detectionfor sensitive measurements, mode-locking in lasers, and phase-shifttime-of-flight imaging (LiDAR). Here, we report a new type of single frequencyintensity modulator that we refer to as a longitudinal piezoelectric resonantphotoelastic modulator. The modulator consists of a thin lithium niobate wafercoated with transparent surface electrodes. One of the fundamental acousticmodes of the modulator is excited through the surface electrodes, confining anacoustic standing wave to the electrode region. The modulator is placed betweenoptical polarizers; light propagating through the modulator and polarizers isintensity modulated with a wide acceptance angle and record breaking modulationefficiency in the megahertz frequency regime. As an illustration of thepotential of our approach, we show that the proposed modulator can beintegrated with a standard image sensor to effectively convert it into atime-of-flight imaging system.

Longitudinal piezoelectric resonant photoelastic modulator for efficient intensity modulation at megahertz frequencies