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Intense lasers can accelerate electrons to very high energy over a shortdistance. Such compact accelerators have several potential applicationsincluding fast ignition, high energy physics, and radiography. Among thevarious schemes of laser-based electron acceleration, vacuum laser accelerationhas the merits of super-high acceleration gradient and great simplicity. Yetits realization has been difficult because injecting free electrons into thefast-oscillating laser field is not trivial. Here we demonstrate free-electroninjection and subsequent vacuum laser acceleration of electrons up to 20 MeVusing the relativistic transparency effect. When a high-contrast intense laserdrives a thin solid foil, electrons from the dense opaque plasma are firstaccelerated to near-light speed by the standing laser wave in front of thesolid foil and subsequently injected into the transmitted laser field as theopaque plasma becomes relativistically transparent. It is possible to furtheroptimize the electron injection/acceleration by manipulating the laserpolarization, incident angle, and temporal pulse shaping. Our result also shedsnew light on the fundamental relativistic transparency process, crucial forproducing secondary particle and light sources.

Vacuum laser acceleration of super-ponderomotive electrons using relativistic transparency injection