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Plant genetic sex determinants that mediate the transition to dioecy are predicted to be diverse, as this type of mating system independently evolved multiple times in angiosperms. Wild  Vitis  species are dioecious with individuals producing morphologically distinct female or male flowers; whereas, modern domesticated  Vitis vinifera  cultivars form hermaphrodite flowers capable of self-pollination. Here, we identify the  VviPLATZ1  transcription factor as a key candidate female flower morphology factor that localizes to the  Vitis SEX-DETERMINING REGION . The expression pattern of this gene correlates with the formation reflex stamens, a prominent morphological phenotype of female flowers. After generating CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited alleles in a hermaphrodite genotype, phenotype analysis shows that individual homozygous lines produce flowers with reflex stamens. Taken together, our results demonstrate that loss of  VviPLATZ1  function is a major factor that controls female flower morphology in  Vitis .

VviPLATZ1 is a major factor that controls female flower morphology determination in grapevine