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The cereal endosperm is a major factor determining seed size and shape. However, the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development are not fully understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in various biological processes. Here we show a lncRNA,  MISSEN , that plays an essential role in early endosperm development in rice ( Oryza sativa ).  MISSEN  is a parent-of-origin lncRNA expressed in endosperm, and negatively regulates endosperm development, leading to a prominent dent and bulge in the seed. Mechanistically,  MISSEN  functions through hijacking a helicase family protein (HeFP) to regulate tubulin function during endosperm nucleus division and endosperm cellularization, resulting in abnormal cytoskeletal polymerization. Finally, we revealed that the expression of  MISSEN  is inhibited by histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) modification after pollination. Therefore,  MISSEN  is the first lncRNA identified as a regulator in endosperm development, highlighting the potential applications in rice breeding.

The parent-of-origin lncRNA MISSEN regulates rice endosperm development