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Various behavioral and cognitive states exhibit circadian variations in animals across phyla including  Drosophila melanogaster , in which only ~0.1% of the brain’s neurons contain circadian clocks. Clock neurons transmit the timing information to a plethora of non-clock neurons via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we address the molecular underpinning of this phenomenon by profiling circadian gene expression in non-clock neurons that constitute the mushroom body, the center of associative learning and sleep regulation. We show that circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of hundreds of genes in mushroom body neurons, including the  Neurofibromin 1  ( Nf1 ) tumor suppressor gene and  Pka-C1 . Circadian clocks also drive calcium rhythms in mushroom body neurons via NF1-cAMP/PKA-C1 signaling, eliciting higher mushroom body activity during the day than at night, thereby promoting daytime wakefulness. These findings reveal the pervasive, non-cell-autonomous circadian regulation of gene expression in the brain and its role in sleep.

Neurofibromin 1 in mushroom body neurons mediates circadian wake drive through activating cAMP–PKA signaling