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TGF-β is secreted in the tumour microenvironment in a latent, inactive form bound to latency associated protein and activated by the integrin α V  subunit. The activation of latent TGF-β by cancer-cell-expressed α V  re-shapes the tumour microenvironment, and this could affect patient responses to PD-1-targeting therapy. Here we show, using multiplex immunofluorescence staining in cohorts of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1-treated lung cancer patients, that decreased expression of cancer cell α V  is associated with improved immunotherapy-related, progression-free survival, as well as with an increased density of CD8 + CD103 +  tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Mechanistically, tumour α V  regulates CD8 T cell recruitment, induces CD103 expression on activated CD8 +  T cells and promotes their differentiation to granzyme B-producing CD103 + CD69 +  resident memory T cells via autocrine TGF-β signalling. Thus, our work provides the underlying principle of targeting cancer cell α V  for more efficient PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy.

Integrin-αV-mediated activation of TGF-β regulates anti-tumour CD8 T cell immunity and response to PD-1 blockade