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The gymnosperm  Welwitschia mirabilis  belongs to the ancient, enigmatic gnetophyte lineage. It is a unique desert plant with extreme longevity and two ever-elongating leaves. We present a chromosome-level assembly of its genome (6.8 Gb/1 C) together with methylome and transcriptome data to explore its astonishing biology. We also present a refined, high-quality assembly of  Gnetum montanum  to enhance our understanding of gnetophyte genome evolution. The  Welwitschia  genome has been shaped by a lineage-specific ancient, whole genome duplication (~86 million years ago) and more recently (1-2 million years) by bursts of retrotransposon activity. High levels of cytosine methylation (particularly at CHH motifs) are associated with retrotransposons, whilst long-term deamination has resulted in an exceptionally GC-poor genome. Changes in copy number and/or expression of gene families and transcription factors (e.g.  R2R3MYB ,  SAUR ) controlling cell growth, differentiation and metabolism underpin the plant’s longevity and tolerance to temperature, nutrient and water stress.

The Welwitschia genome reveals a unique biology underpinning extreme longevity in deserts