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PrimPol is a human DNA polymerase-primase that localizes to mitochondria and nucleus and bypasses the major oxidative lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (oxoG) via translesion synthesis, in mostly error-free manner. We present structures of PrimPol insertion complexes with a DNA template-primer and correct dCTP or erroneous dATP opposite the lesion, as well as extension complexes with C or A as a 3′−terminal primer base. We show that during the insertion of C and extension from it, the active site is unperturbed, reflecting the readiness of PrimPol to accommodate oxoG (anti) . The misinsertion of A opposite oxoG (syn)  also does not alter the active site, and is likely less favorable due to lower thermodynamic stability of the oxoG (syn) •A base - pair. During the extension step, oxoG (syn)  induces an opening of its base-pair with A or misalignment of the 3′-A primer terminus. Together, the structures show how PrimPol accurately synthesizes DNA opposite oxidatively damaged DNA in human cells.

Structural basis of DNA synthesis opposite 8-oxoguanine by human PrimPol primase-polymerase