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The nature of the "forbidden" local- and long-range polar order in nominallynonpolar paraelectric phases of ferroelectric materials has been an openquestion since the discovery of ferroelectricity in oxide perovskites (ABO3). Acurrently considered model suggests locally correlated displacements of B-siteatoms along a subset of <111> cubic directions. Such offsite displacements havebeen confirmed experimentally, however, being essentially dynamic in naturethey cannot account for the static nature of the symmetry-forbiddenpolarization implied by the macroscopic experiments. Here, in an atomicallyresolved study by aberration corrected scanning transmission electronmicroscopy (STEM) complemented by Raman spectroscopy, we reveal, directlyvisualize and quantitatively describe static, 2-4 nm large polar nanoclustersin the nominally nonpolar cubic phases of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 and BaTiO3. These resultshave implications on understanding of the atomic-scale structure of disorderedmaterials, the origin of precursor states in ferroelectrics, and may helpanswering ambiguities on the dynamic-versus-static nature of nano-sizedclusters.

Atomic scale symmetry and polar nanoclusters in the paraelectric phase of ferroelectric materials