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Plant somatic cells can be reprogrammed into totipotent embryonic cells that are able to form differentiated embryos in a process called somatic embryogenesis (SE), by hormone treatment or through overexpression of certain transcription factor genes, such as  BABY BOOM  ( BBM ). Here we show that overexpression of the  AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15  ( AHL15 ) gene induces formation of somatic embryos on  Arabidopsis thaliana  seedlings in the absence of hormone treatment. During zygotic embryogenesis,  AHL15  expression starts early in embryo development, and  AH15  and other  AHL  genes are required for proper embryo patterning and development beyond the globular stage. Moreover,  AHL15  and several of its homologs are upregulated and required for SE induction upon hormone treatment, and they are required for efficient  BBM -induced SE as downstream targets of BBM. A significant number of plants derived from  AHL15  overexpression-induced somatic embryos are polyploid. Polyploidisation occurs by endomitosis specifically during the initiation of SE, and is caused by strong heterochromatin decondensation induced by  AHL15  overexpression.

An Arabidopsis AT-hook motif nuclear protein mediates somatic embryogenesis and coinciding genome duplication