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The use of hydrogen as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuelsrequires a suite of flammability mitigating technologies, particularly robustsensors for hydrogen leak detection and concentration monitoring. To this end,we have developed a class of lightweight optical hydrogen sensors based on ametasurface of Pd nano-patchy particle arrays, which fulfills the increasingrequirements of a safe hydrogen fuel sensing system with no risk of sparking.The structure of the optical sensor is readily nano-engineered to yieldextraordinarily rapid response to hydrogen gas (<3 s at 1 mbar H$_{2}$) with ahigh degree of accuracy (<5%). By incorporating 20% Ag, Au or Co, the sensingperformances of the Pd-alloy sensor are significantly enhanced, especially forthe Pd$_{80}$Co$_{20}$ sensor whose optical response time at 1 mbar of H$_{2}$is just ~0.85 s, while preserving the excellent accuracy (<2.5%), limit ofdetection (2.5 ppm), and robustness against aging, temperature, and interferinggases. The superior performance of our sensor places it among the fastest andmost sensitive optical hydrogen sensors.

Sub-second and ppm-level Optical Sensing of Hydrogen Using Templated Control of Nano-hydride Geometry and Composition