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Quantum computing can become scalable through error correction, but logicalerror rates only decrease with system size when physical errors aresufficiently uncorrelated. During computation, unused high energy levels of thequbits can become excited, creating leakage states that are long-lived andmobile. Particularly for superconducting transmon qubits, this leakage opens apath to errors that are correlated in space and time. Here, we report a resetprotocol that returns a qubit to the ground state from all relevant higherlevel states. We test its performance with the bit-flip stabilizer code, asimplified version of the surface code for quantum error correction. Weinvestigate the accumulation and dynamics of leakage during error correction.Using this protocol, we find lower rates of logical errors and an improvedscaling and stability of error suppression with increasing qubit number. Thisdemonstration provides a key step on the path towards scalable quantumcomputing.

Removing leakage-induced correlated errors in superconducting quantum error correction