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Close to the triple point, the surface of ice is covered by a thin liquidlayer (so-called quasi-liquid layer) which crucially impacts growth and meltingrates. Experimental probes cannot observe the growth processes below thislayer, and classical models of growth by vapor deposition do not account forthe formation of premelting films. Here, we develop a mesoscopic model ofliquid-film mediated ice growth, and identify the various resulting growthregimes. At low saturation, freezing proceeds by terrace spreading, but themotion of the buried solid is conveyed through the liquid to the outerliquid-vapor interface. At higher saturations water droplets condense, a largecrater forms below, and freezing proceeds undetectably beneath the droplet. Ourapproach is a general framework that naturally models freezing close to threephase coexistence and provides a first principle theory of ice growth andmelting which may prove useful in the geosciences.

How ice grows from premelting films and water droplets