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Direct oxidation of methane to value-added C 1  chemicals (e.g. HCHO and CO) provides a promising way to utilize natural gas sources under relatively mild conditions. Such conversions remain, however, a key selectivity challenge, resulting from the facile formation of undesired fully-oxidized CO 2 . Here we show that B 2 O 3 -based catalysts are selective in the direct conversion of methane to HCHO and CO (~94% selectivity with a HCHO/CO ratio of ~1 at 6% conversion) and highly stable (over 100 hour time-on-stream operation) conducted in a fixed-bed reactor (550 °C, 100 kPa, space velocity 4650 mL g cat  −1  h −1 ). Combined catalyst characterization, kinetic studies, and isotopic labeling experiments unveil that molecular O 2  bonded to tri-coordinated BO 3  centers on B 2 O 3  surfaces acts as a judicious oxidant for methane activation with mitigated CO 2  formation, even at high O 2 /CH 4  ratios of the feed. These findings shed light on the great potential of designing innovative catalytic processes for the direct conversion of alkanes to fuels/chemicals.

Direct conversion of methane to formaldehyde and CO on B2O3 catalysts