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Terrestrial exoplanets orbiting within or near their host stars' habitablezone are potentially apt for life. It has been proposed that time-seriesmeasurements of reflected starlight from such planets will reveal theirrotational period, main surface features and some atmospheric information. Fromimagery obtained with the Akatsuki spacecraft, here we show that Venus'brightness at 283, 365, and 2020 nm is modulated by one or both of two periodsof 3.7 and 4.6 days, and typical amplitudes <10% but occasional events of20-40%. The modulations are unrelated to the solid-body rotation; they arecaused by planetary-scale waves superimposed on the super-rotating winds. Herewe propose that two modulation periods whose ratio of large-to-small values isnot an integer number imply the existence of an atmosphere if detected at anexoplanet, but it remains ambiguous whether the atmosphere is optically thin orthick, as for Earth or Venus respectively. Multi-wavelength and long temporalbaseline observations may be required to decide between these scenarios.Ultimately, Venus represents a false positive for interpretations of brightnessmodulations of terrestrial exoplanets in terms of surface features.

Brightness modulations of our nearest terrestrial planet Venus reveal atmospheric super-rotation rather than surface features