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EXSY, TOCSY and NOESY lie at the foundation of homonuclear NMR experiments inorganic and pharmaceutical chemistry, as well as in structural biology. Limitedmagnetization transfer efficiency is an intrinsic downside of these methods,particularly when targeting rapidly exchanging species such as labile protonsubiquitous in polysaccharides, sidechains and backbones of proteins, and inbases and sugars of nucleic acids: the fast decoherence imparted on theseprotons through solvent exchanges, greatly reduces their involvement inhomonuclear correlation experiments. We have recently discussed how thesedecoherences can be visualized as an Anti-Zeno Effect, that can be harnessed toenhance the efficiency of homonuclear transfers within Looped PROjectedSpectroscopY (L-PROSY) leading to 200-300% enhancements in NOESY and TOCSYcross-peaks for amide groups in biomolecules. This study demonstrates that evenlarger sensitivity gains per unit time, equivalent to reductions by severalhundred-folds in the duration of experiments, can be achieved by loopinginversion or using saturation procedures. In the ensuing experiments a prioriselected frequencies are encoded according to Hadamard recipes, andsubsequently resolved along the indirect dimension via linear combinations.Magnetization-transfer (MT) processes reminiscent of those occurring in CESTprovide significant enhancements in the resulting cross-peaks, in only afraction of acquisition time of a normal 2D experiment. The effectiveness ofthe ensuing three-way polarization transfer interplay between water, labile andnon-labile protons was corroborated experimentally for proteins,homo-oligosaccharides and nucleic acids. In all cases, cross-peaks barelydetectable in conventional 2D NMR counterparts, were measured ca. 10-foldfaster and with 200-600% signal enhancements by the Hadamard MT counterparts.

nature communications

Hadamard magnetization transfers achieve dramatic sensitivity  enhancements in homonuclear multidimensional NMR correlations of labile sites  in proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids