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Measurement and control of magnetic order and correlations in real time is arapidly developing scientific area relevant for magnetic memory and spintronics[1,15]. In these experiments an ultra-short laser pulse (pump) is firstabsorbed by excitations carrying electric dipole moment. These then give theirenergy to the magnetic subsystem monitored by a time-resolved probe. A lot ofprogress has been made in investigations of ferromagnets but antiferromagnetsare more challenging. Here we introduce time-resolved two-magnon Ramanscattering as a novel real time probe of magnetic correlations especiallywell-suited for antiferromagnets. Its application to the antiferromagneticcharge transfer insulator YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+x}$ revealed rapid demagnetizationwithin 90fs of photoexcitation. The relaxation back to thermal equilibrium ischaracterized by much slower timescales. We interpret these results in terms ofslow relaxation of the charge sector and rapid equilibration of the magneticsector to a prethermal state characterized by parameters that change slowly asthe charge sector relaxes.

Ultrafast magnetic dynamics in insulating YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+x}$ revealed by time resolved two-magnon Raman Scattering