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Soil organic matter (SOM) is correlated with reactive iron (Fe) in humid soils, but Fe also promotes SOM decomposition when oxygen (O 2 ) becomes limited. Here we quantify Fe-mediated OM protection vs. decomposition by adding  13 C dissolved organic matter (DOM) and  57 Fe II  to soil slurries incubated under static or fluctuating O 2 . We find Fe uniformly protects OM only under static oxic conditions, and only when Fe and DOM are added together: de novo reactive Fe III  phases suppress DOM and SOM mineralization by 35 and 47%, respectively. Conversely, adding  57 Fe II  alone increases SOM mineralization by 8% following oxidation to  57 Fe III . Under O 2  limitation, de novo reactive  57 Fe III  phases are preferentially reduced, increasing anaerobic mineralization of DOM and SOM by 74% and 32‒41%, respectively. Periodic O 2  limitation is common in humid soils, so Fe does not intrinsically protect OM; rather reactive Fe phases require their own physiochemical protection to contribute to OM persistence.

Iron-mediated organic matter decomposition in humid soils can counteract protection