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Epithelial cell monolayers show remarkable displacement and velocitycorrelations over distances of ten or more cell sizes that are reminiscent ofsupercooled liquids and active nematics. We show that many observed featurescan be described within the framework of dense active matter, and argue thatpersistent uncoordinated cell motility coupled to the collective elastic modesof the cell sheet is sufficient to produce swirl-like correlations. We obtainthis result using both continuum active linear elasticity and a normal modesformalism, and validate analytical predictions with numerical simulations oftwo agent-based cell models, soft elastic particles and the self-propelledVoronoi model together with in-vitro experiments of confluent cornealepithelial cell sheets. Simulations and normal mode analysis perfectly matchwhen tissue-level reorganisation occurs on times longer than the persistencetime of cell motility. Our analytical model quantitatively matches measuredvelocity correlation functions over more than a decade with a single fittingparameter.

Dense active matter model of motion patterns in confluent cell monolayers