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Wildfires can encourage the establishment of invasive plants by releasing potent germination stimulants, such as karrikins. Seed germination of  Brassica tournefortii , a noxious weed of Mediterranean climates, is strongly stimulated by KAR 1 , the archetypal karrikin produced from burning vegetation. In contrast, the closely-related yet non-fire-associated ephemeral  Arabidopsis   thaliana  is unusual because it responds preferentially to KAR 2 . The α/β-hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) is the putative karrikin receptor identified in  Arabidopsis . Here we show that  B. tournefortii  expresses three  KAI2  homologues, and the most highly-expressed homologue is sufficient to confer enhanced responses to KAR 1  relative to KAR 2  when expressed in  Arabidopsis . We identify two amino acid residues near the KAI2 active site that explain the ligand selectivity, and show that this combination has arisen independently multiple times within dicots. Our results suggest that duplication and diversification of KAI2 proteins could confer differential responses to chemical cues produced by environmental disturbance, including fire.

Divergent receptor proteins confer responses to different karrikins in two ephemeral weeds