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Callus browning, a common trait derived from the  indica  rice cultivar ( Oryza sativa  L.), is a challenge to transformation regeneration. Here, we report the map-based cloning of  BROWNING OF CALLUS1  ( BOC1 ) using a population derived from crossing Teqing, an elite  indica  subspecies exhibiting callus browning, and Yuanjiang, a common wild rice accession ( Oryza rufipogon  Griff.) that is less susceptible to callus browning. We show that  BOC1  encodes a SIMILAR TO RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH ONE (SRO) protein. Callus browning can be reduced by appropriate upregulation of  BOC1 , which consequently improves the genetic transformation efficiency. The presence of a  Tourist -like miniature inverted-repeat transposable element ( Tourist  MITE) specific to wild rice in the promoter of  BOC1  increases the expression of  BOC1  in callus.  BOC1  may decrease cell senescence and death caused by oxidative stress. Our study provides a gene target for improving tissue culturability and genetic transformation.

A common wild rice-derived BOC1 allele reduces callus browning in indica rice transformation