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Chloroplasts are important for photosynthesis and for plant immunity against microbial pathogens. Here we identify a haustorium-specific protein (Pst_12806) from the wheat stripe rust fungus,  Puccinia striiformis  f. sp.  tritici  ( Pst ), that is translocated into chloroplasts and affects chloroplast function. Transient expression of  Pst_12806  inhibits BAX-induced cell death in tobacco plants and reduces  Pseudomonas -induced hypersensitive response in wheat. It suppresses plant basal immunity by reducing callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes.  Pst_12806  is upregulated during infection, and its knockdown (by host-induced gene silencing) reduces  Pst  growth and development, likely due to increased ROS accumulation. Pst_12806 interacts with the C-terminal Rieske domain of the wheat TaISP protein (a putative component of the cytochrome b6-f complex). Expression of  Pst_12806  in plants reduces electron transport rate, photosynthesis, and production of chloroplast-derived ROS. Silencing  TaISP  by virus-induced gene silencing in a susceptible wheat cultivar reduces fungal growth and uredinium development, suggesting an increase in resistance against  Pst  infection.

An effector protein of the wheat stripe rust fungus targets chloroplasts and suppresses chloroplast function